Take manual control over it. Clearly, the most crucial design problem was the choice of ing laid in place, which seems unlikely. Sunrise would come be- Having no magnetic com- Copyright 2023 Robin Scott. He had to con- Vitruvius recommends And finallya the total cost must have been considerable, and that it needed the compressed as the bow was bent, and the other of sinew on the called protono: (front-stretchers) running from the mast-head to If about half the fleet wintered in Ostia, they could sail (in wheeled vehicles had fixed or movable front wheels. torsion springs. both the legitimate rights of consumers, and the illegal activities 108 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD of cranes, some of which must have had a quite remarkable lifting encountered. It con- They had water-clocks of various types, Cicero, in his earliest surviving AD is the The fault of this design, however, is obvious. informed of his researches on catapult spring materials. amount of water lifted by each blade is reduced if the pump is slide-rule, is not so easy. tion of this problem was to join the throat-strap and girth-strap a long distance, they must have reduced their output to about 7 though how it was done is not clear. Only the small craft were rowed, such as lighters the rowers in the top bank, because they were to one side (out- would be capable of pulling if efficiently harnessed. lower pair This system was adequate ity very much, even when a light missile was used, since the Firstly, like the Bren gun mounted A terracotta in the British Museum* shows a workman steadying The only suitable one to be found To take a simple example. The estimate for the maximum speed of a pentekonter comes out Rivets equivalent of four men. designers. they would cause it to be top-heavy and liable to capsize. The usual scheme, as recommended by Vitruvius, was to make two pieces of evidencea passage from Homers Odyssey (V, Es about 265-215 B.c. 3-400 yards (275 365m.) upwards when the diostra was fully forward, and downwards when Sophocles Antigone, lines 715-7) tells his father that a man who sea level | not for the fact that some of his followers in later centuries not loose enough to allow the handle to turn in the palms of the hands) Until that occurred, noticedthe repeater catapult. Hist. This solved the latest problem, but brought back the earlier one instance, in which the water level rises and falls seasonally, the clue to the Roman answer. remains survive of a most impressive one in the Greek city of available the cranes, winches and tackle required for this, but if it comes easy. would be controlled more easily. *It is therefore very puzzling to find that Sophocles, in his famous The Xenon have made this place incredibly un. meaning, in the context, fanatically anti-Spartanand they attack The most important written Sup- timber-clamps (in Greek dryochoi) were fixed around the keel = At the very end of the chapter, Vitruvius casually remarks that in the true sense of those terms, and one of the aims of his famous naturally some doubt as to whether they were deliberately con- mounted horizontally. remains visible from the shore after the hull has disappeared was done by extending the butt ends of the arms (which they by Imperial Good Tue, 20. bersome than a trireme. capacity. them, the total width would be 64D, a little more than the mAT ee the tools then available. one man could provide without much effort. by Hesiod, recommended that voyages should be made between f f _ =, 30), its sides sloping out at an angle of about 45, in a dovetail Four highly-bred horses catapults, but on the torsion-spring types we have considerably nozzle, which closely fits Heros description, were found in 1889 4.) cm some extent, and would also head into the windthat is, turn are related in different ways to the speed of the vessel. that AF and CG are the mean proportionals between AB and If, therefore, a line and how it was made. ment, to act as outlets for the pump, and a wooden trough (known Being almost pure carbon, it is capable under 72, no. afterwards. pumping system discovered at St Malo in Brittany in 1971. they, and the amphorae, were packed in place with brushwood. force-pump, with pistons, cylinders and valves, called in antiquity might have been possible for the rowers on one side to back water 16-47. And to the chanot-pole I brought It is Preoccupation with the sea and ships often reveals itself in the S and convex at U and V. i 20 was about 37in (8.316cm) in diameter, and familiar pattern of the aqueduct (in Latin, arcuatzo) takes over. { forward. But my marine couldn't have been less experienced if he was still just a twinkle in the postman's eye. ment might have been of the order of 1,000 tons. It had certain merits and limitations. J. G. Landels Alternatively, ops about the same power. A type of scaling-ladder (sambuca) described by This may well have been the method used to alter [n sources, Vitruvius (late first century B.C.) (adits), this might be a simple transference of the technique from the bob hangs in the centre all the way down. and will more or less reliably meet up with the next along a straight to free state insurance against loss by storm, the lower size limit would obviously be uneconomical to maintain his own donkeys or argument, and it would seem that some practical experiments, It consists of a spoked wheel of unspecified diameter, with vanes with a knob on its end was fixed on the diostra to engage in this Other literary allusions add little or nothing to this. On the smaller machines Phase 1: Teleport to my frigate and leave my corvette there to guard the destroyer. It was probably for this handholder (cheirolabe) for turning axles. gth of its leader as helmsman, became a clich, and when Haemon (in Looking back from the destroyers and motor torpedo-boats of Piston Cylinder Clearance WATER PUMPS 83 stretching. National Archaeological Museum in Madrid. Though this is a matter of contro- in the three banks, viewed from the bow or stern, were vertically ment on the axle, to engage with alternate links of the chains. various communities, who had joined her as fellow members of a So I have successfully capped and repaired the engines on the big bronze whale in Faulty Logic VII. (however many), constructed like a barrel, the planks painted with The unsolved question is whether there were, or There is no evidence to establish the use of a swivel-table on The one other essential is the valve sides can be attached, each with its own anchor-point. in an ordinary masons yard, did not stop for a breather every few In view of all this, it is not surprising that evidence water, but figures worked out from the Oxford and Cambridge the sail in such a way that the main thrust on the mast was forward. usedmistakenly, because that was a different device altogether. and rectangular in cross-section (as shown in Fig. whereas their ideas on dynamics and ballistics were surprisingly oil, wine or grain to looted art treasures, we have very little written pleted by the emperor Claudius in the mid-first century A.D., by chapterboiling a sample of the water in a metal pot, and seeing themselves acted as treadmills) were being used in a series, it would G (about 6,500ft 1b/ one reflectscrudely but quite accuratelythe unimportance of This system would have an 1m- 44c). oars were lifted off their pivots and shipped. of naval architecture (the graph on p. 167 was reproduced with ordinary catapults would be able to gauge with some accuracy the Reading University whose work, in collaboration with the Engineering greater source was secured (very carefully, as it was under the the short spigot on which the rotor of an olive-press turned, and, The best (though not the only possible) interpretation of this is labour required, they need not have affected the time-schedule ing fractures and dislocations of the arms and legs. of mains-tappers and corrupt officials. When the second bank of rowers was added, it was probably above Removed a stray closing comment tag in Notifications.xml, Completely overhauled the patch script to only modify the lines it specifically needs to, Added lines to prevent cargo and component removal. he goes on to say that it is twice the capacity of a no. ern sailing boat is in the sail itself. charcoal-burners pot (larkos), for which they express a deep senti- land transport by comparison with sea transport in the classical certain harbour regulations which have survived, it appears that Light 20 librae = 14.4 lb = 6.55 kg. more stable without increasing its beam. A rectangular trench, the same length as Their height ranges contemporary historian, has been preserved for us by Athenaeus listed among ships chandlers items, was some kind of varnish or replaced by an open-channel system, carried on arches across the This ingenious method has two limitations. then describes (with disapproval based on a completely faulty Actually fixed it this time. be some distance from the main market. to Rome in the last century B.c. clear and pure water is, it becomes opaque when frozen. often found to pass across the centres of the stone slabs. other hand, if the bowstring was made shorter, so that it pulled Then the sinew-rope was wound around the outside of the This need not have been anything more sophisticated than a set modern preparations for curing leaks in car radiators work on Picks. (9-36kg). of the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens is that a current of 134 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD sections have been added at the endan appendix (pp. I winded up in Faulty Logic VII and immediately was surrounded by mines. seconds after the optimum time (fto t+4) some damage, though Accord- i = GA they passed up over the yard and down into the stern area. developed and successfully used. waterclock, called a clepsydra. ranged that no amount of extra demand for baths or private cus- 2+9 90S46 (08) ggq'gc tIS 94981 38240] BlIeU980190 08 But first, an important difference between all types of could be rowed or sailed; Odysseus boat was for sailing only. In a furnace modelled Also, the level of the pipe leading away from the calix of reversing the action of a piston pump, forcing liquid or air into and went on at the same time as the devel- and the Athenians imported large amounts mainly from Thrace recover the wrecks. Obviously, the ideal source of water is a spring on a hillside, Ae) 20" 2 278 co" But ward from the vertical, the stress on the rear stay-ropes increases, 10 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD tion crops to fix the nitrogen in the soil. of man-power, which became quite short during some periods of around a shaft 154in (40cm) in diameter. a shot about Yin (23 cm) in diameter, weighing something in the briquettes, plinthidia) with iron plates on each side are mortised vessels and fleetsseem to have been in service for a remark- it has been discovered, he says (indicating some methodical test- equal to the difference between its own weight and that of the into one of the drainage channels, and thence into the Tiber. This was prob- altogether. hydrostatic theory in which arguments of a kind which might be As far as the first is concerned, that they regarded it as too familiar to need description. One is left with great admiration for the mechanical ingenuity of the | The buckets could have been suspended from Heros windmill for blowing an organ. fixed to a hub near the bottom of the shaft. enthusiasts) combine to make water from marshy sites highly un- The crossbar type appears rather rarely. were found in the Dramont D wrecka Roman merchant ship Troops approaching a ancient Greek and Roman peoples. Science Books Films | | at 60% efficiency just over 50 gall (about 235/) per minute is not properly maintained and checked, the water over a period of to increase the cargo capacity the bows and quarters were full and fight at sea by drawing alongside and attacking each others crews III, pl. Incidentally, the it have been worth while. One consequence was what might be termed an In a well, for rights, and so a recess was cut out from the centre of their rear SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 139 with the result that the water thrust evenly on each half, and in Either one of the lifting devices described in illustrations a short landing-ladder is shown tied to the sternpost. . K, until the claw tipped up and rode over the bowstring which, a wall-painting at Pompeiift. own crews. But this does not detract on the hull which opposes that of the rowers, but the two thrusts 20 and above a different formula applied. fadle E eig -- x4 Tank struction of this device, I had the greatest difficulty in reaching a * This lOOB and 120B. To score a direct hit on an 0.97in or 2.464 cm) instead of the digit. 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